Bach Choir of Bethlehem

Magnificat in D Major, BWV 243

This is another work I find curious among Bach's compositions, probably because I think the Magnificat is so Catholic in origin -- it is the Catholic Church, not the Lutheran, which so worships and celebrates the Virgin Mary.

The Magnificat text comes from the Gospel According to Luke. It is Mary's response to her cousin Elizabeth, after Elizabeth greets Mary as the mother of God. The Magnificat is the most popular and best-known of all the Gospel canticles, which are Biblical songs from somewhere other than the book of Psalms. The Magnificat, from the earliest days, has been a part of Catholic Vespers services. During Bach's time, Vespers were a common occurrence on Sunday afternoons in Leipzig. Normally, this would have been sung in German, except on Christmas Day, when it was sung in Latin. This Magnificat, in fact, appears to have been written for Christmas 1723 in Leipzig. Originally, the work was in E-flat major, though in about the year 1730 it appears Bach revised it. Among the revisions was the transposition to the brighter key of D major. Other changes generally effected the instrumentation of the piece. The latter version is the one generally performed and better known, perhaps because of its more festive tone. It uses the largest orchestra available to Bach at the time, including trumpets, drums, flutes, oboes, bassoons, strings, and organ. The choir, too, is large, using five-part chorus (with divided sopranos) rather than four.

Bach divides the text into twelve movements:

1	Magnificat anima mea Dominum.	My soul doth magnify the Lord
2	Et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salutari meo.	And my spirit rejoices in God my savior.
3	Quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae; ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent.	For He has regarded the lowliness of His handmaiden: for behold, from henceforth [all generations] shall call me blessed.
4	Omnes generations	All generations
5	Quia fecit mihi magna qui potens est, et sanctum nomen eius.	For He that is mighty has magnified me; and holy is His name.
6	Et misericordia a progenie in progenies timentibus eum.	And His mercy is on them that fear Him from generation to generation.
7	Fecit potentiam in brachio suo, dispersit superbos mente cordis sui.	He hath showed strength with His arm; He hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts.
8	Deposuit potentes de sede et exaltavit humiles.	He hath put down the mighty from their seats, and hath exalted the humble.
9	Esurientes implevit bonis et divites dimisit inanes.	He hath filled the hungry with good things; and the rich He hath sent empty away.
10	Suscepit Israel puerum suum recordatus misericordiae suae.	He hath holpen His servant Israel, in remembrance of His mercy.
11	Sicut locutus est ad Patres nostros, Abraham et semini eius in saecula.	As He spoke to our forefathers, Abraham, and his seed forever.
12	Gloria Patri, gloria Filio, gloria et Spiritui Sancto! Sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.	Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit! As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

The entire Magnificat takes about 25-26 minutes to perform. Although there is not enough time or space here to discuss the entire piece, I would like to focus your attention on a few favorite spots.

First, the opening is among the brightest and most festive of all of Bach's works. For thirty measures, the full orchestra plays alone. The three trumpets sound out primarily in arpeggiated triads, which add a sense of majesty. The oboes perform busy runs, complicating -- perhaps glorifying? -- the texture. Flutes later join this passage work in a higher register (originally, Bach used recorders, which would not have cut through the texture as well as the flutes). A walking bass line keeps the piece moving forward. Finally, pairs of voices enter (first, the two soprano parts, then alto and tenor) on a melismatic "Magnificat," leading to homophonic, dotted-rhythm statements of that same word by the full choir; again, this creates a regal, majestic feel, and gives the sense of "glorification." Even as the movement progresses to include other text, this brilliant, regal mood never vanishes.

Another favorite moment of mine comes with the fourth movement. But first we must backtrack. You'll notice in the English text above that the words "all generations" are bracketed. This is because Bach skips these words in movement three, where they normally appear. Instead, Bach uses these two words alone as the basis for the entire fourth movement, giving them more attention than they would have received buried in the midst of the third movement. But that's not really what is so interesting here; it's what Bach does musically here that catches my ear. Each of the five vocal parts sings "omnes, omnes generationes," over and over again, though for more than 23 measures, the five parts are completely independent of each other; for the final 3 1/2 measures of the movement, then, the five come together to sing in rhythmic unison. The effect is this: initially, many generations -- all distinct from each, from different eras and regions -- call Mary blessed; the result is that throughout time, all generations shall call her blessed.

Another delightful movement comes in number 9, marked as an aria for alto. In reality, it is a complicated four-part texture, with solo alto voice, two solo flutes, and of course the continuo part. This is a good example of a movement in which Bach uses obbligato instruments continuously throughout the texture, rather than having them alternate with the solo voice (as Handel might have done). The pleasant parallel thirds which dominate the two flute parts are symbolic of the Holy Trinity (as, I suppose, are the three solo parts together). The active parts which fill in the sound between the beats in the continuo (especially where the continuo only plays on the beats) are like the hungry being filled with good things. The sweet sound of the parallels reflects the "good things" God gave to the hungry. The fact that Bach devotes far more notes to the words "et surientes implevit bonis" (He fills the hungry with good things) than "et divites dimisit inanes" (and the rich he sends empty away) represents God's act -- giving to the hungry, noticing the rich but giving them nothing in return. Ultimately, the solo voice drops out seven measures from the end, and the flutes continue until the penultimate measure, but finish somewhat unresolved; the piece ends with a single note in the continuo, perhaps the definitive musical representation of that which the rich receive here.